甲醇

  • 基本信息
  • 制备方法及用途
  • 物化性质
  • 安全信息
  • 毒理性
  • MSDS
  • 结构与计算化学
  • 下游产品
  • 表征图谱

甲醇 基本信息

中文名称:
甲醇 
中文别名:
甲醇;
木精;
木醇 
英文名称:
Methyl alcohol
英文别名:
methanol;
Methanol;
methyl alcohol 
CAS No.:
67-56-1
分 子 式:

CH4O

分 子 量:
32.04
精确分子量:
32.02620
PSA:
20.23000
MDL:
MFCD00004595
EINECS:
200-659-6
BRN:
1098229
InChI:
The Key: OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
危险品标志:


FlammableFToxicT

风险术语:

R11;R23/24/25;R39/23

安全术语:

S16;S36/37;S45

分子结构式:
SDS:
查看

甲醇 制备方法及用途

制备方法

基本有机原料之一。主要用于制造甲醛、醋酸、氯甲烷、甲胺和硫酸二甲酯等多种有机产品。也是农药(杀虫剂、杀螨剂)、医药(磺胺类、合霉素等)的原料,合成对苯二甲酸二甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸甲酯的原料之一。还是重要的溶剂,亦可掺入汽油作替代燃料使用。20世纪80年代以来,甲醇用于生产汽油辛烷值添加剂甲基叔丁基醚、甲醇汽油、甲醇燃料,以及甲醇蛋白等产品,大大促进了甲醇生产的发展和市场需要。

合成制备方法

1.工业上合成甲醇几乎全部采用一氧化碳加压催化加氢的方法,工艺过程包括造气、合成净化、甲醇合成和粗甲醇精馏等工序。粗甲醇的净化过程包括精馏和化学处理。化学处理主要用碱破坏在精馏过程中难以分离的杂质,并调节pH值;精馏主要是脱除易挥发组分如二甲醚,以及难挥发组分职乙醇、高碳醇和水。粗馏后的纯度一般都可达到98%以上。

2.将工业甲醇用精馏的方法将含水量降到0.01%以下。再用次碘酸钠处理,可除去其中的丙酮。经精馏得纯品甲醇。

3.BV-Ⅲ级甲醇的制备主要采用精馏工艺。以工业甲醇为原料,经精馏、超净过滤、超净分装,得高纯甲醇产品。

4.一般均以工业甲醇为原料,经常压蒸馏除去水分,控制塔顶64~65℃,过滤除去不溶物即可。

用途简介

用途

1.基本有机原料之一。主要用于制造甲醛、醋酸、氯甲烷、甲胺和硫酸二甲酯等多种有机产 品。也是农药(杀虫剂、杀螨剂)、医药(磺胺类、合霉素等)的原料,合成对苯二甲酸二甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸甲酯的原料之一。还是重要的溶剂,亦可掺入汽油作替代燃料使用。20世纪80年代以来,甲醇用于生产汽油辛烷值添加剂甲基叔丁基醚、甲醇汽油、甲醇燃料,以及甲醇蛋白等产品,大大促进了甲醇生产的发展和市场需要。

2.用作涂料、清漆、虫胶、油墨、胶黏剂、染料、生物碱、醋酸纤维素、硝酸纤维素、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛等的溶剂。也是制造农药、医药、塑料、合成纤维及有机化工产品如甲醛、甲胺、氯甲烷、硫酸二甲酯等的原料。其他用作汽车防冻液、金属表面清洗剂和酒精变性剂等。

3.甲醇为清洗去油剂,MOS级主要用于分立器件,中、大规模集成电路,BV-Ⅲ级主要用于超大规模集成电路工艺技术。

4.用作分析试剂,如作溶剂、甲基化试剂、色谱分析试剂。还用于有机合成。

5.用于电子工业, 常用作清洗去油剂。

6. 通常甲醇是一种比乙醇更好的溶剂,可以溶解许多无机盐。

7.主要用于制甲醛、香精、染料、医药、火药、防冻剂、溶剂等。[29]

甲醇 物化性质

外观与性状:
透明无色液体
密度:
0.791
熔点:
-98ºC
沸点:
64.7ºC
闪点:
12ºC
折射率:
1.328-1.330
蒸汽压:
2.14mmHg at 25°C
存储条件/存储方法:
库房通风低温干燥,与氧化剂、酸类分开存放
稳定性相关:

1.化学性质:具有饱和一元醇的通性,由于只有一个碳原子,因此有其特有的反应。例如:① 与氯化钙形成结晶状物质CaCl2·4CH3OH,与氧化钡形成BaO·2CH3OH的分子化合物并溶解于甲醇中;类似的化合物有MgCl2·6CH3OH、CuSO4·2CH3OH、CH3OK·CH3OH、AlCl3·4CH3OH、AlCl3·6CH3OH、AlCl3·10CH3OH等;② 与其他醇不同,由于-CH2OH基与氢结合,氧化时生成的甲酸进一步氧化为CO2;③  甲醇与氯、溴不易发生反应,但易与其水溶液作用,最初生成二氯甲醚(CH2Cl)2O,因水的作用转变成HCHO与HCl;④ 与碱、石灰一起加热,产生氢气并生成甲酸钠;CH3OH+NaOH→HCOONa+2H2;⑤ 与锌粉一起蒸馏,发生分解,生成CO和H2O。

2.甲醇为有毒化工产品,具有显著的麻醉作用,对于视神经危害最为严重。饮入5~10ml/kg甲醇可致严重中毒,10ml/kg以上有失明危险,饮入30ml/kg可以致死。甲醇可经消化道、呼吸道及皮肤渗透侵入人体导致中毒。吸入浓的甲醇蒸气时,除了特有的症状酩酊、头痛以外,常使视力模糊而眼痛。这些症状有的在数小时之后即能发生,重症时,呈现眩晕、呼吸困难、胃痛、疝痛、便秘,有时还会有出血,需要数日才恢复。在这期间也能引起疲劳、不适,重症时能出现发绀。不论急性、慢性都需要较长时间才能恢复。工作场所空气中甲醇蒸气最高容许浓度260mg/m3。防护方法在于生产设备密闭,严防入口、入眼或接触伤口。如有黏沾,迅速用水冲洗。急性中毒者迅速移到新鲜空气处。严重者送医院诊治。

3.属中等毒类。主要作用于神经系统,具有麻醉作用。可被皮肤吸收、饮用或吸入蒸气而造成中毒,其特征是刺激视神经及网膜,导致眼睛失明。乙醇在体内能迅速分解排除,而甲醇排出缓慢,故有累积性。吸入甲醇蒸气会刺激眼、鼻和咽喉,引起眩晕、头痛、沉醉、流泪和视力模糊。重症时呈现麻醉、呼吸困难、恶心、呕吐、胃痛、疝痛、膀胱痛、便秘、有时还会出血。一般误饮5~10ml可致严重中毒,15ml可致失明,30ml左右可致死。兔经口致死量为10ml/kg。嗅觉阈浓度140mg/m3。TJ36-79规定车间空气中最高容许浓度为50mg/m3。

4.稳定性[25]  稳定

5.禁配物[26]  酸类、酸酐、强氧化剂、碱金属

6.聚合危害[27]  不聚合

其它信息:

1.性状:无色透明液体,有刺激性气味。[1]

2.熔点(℃):-97.8[2]

3.沸点(℃):64.7[3]

4.相对密度(水=1):0.79[4]

5.相对蒸气密度(空气=1):1.1[5]

6.饱和蒸气压(kPa):12.3(20℃)[6]

7.燃烧热(kJ/mol):-723[7]

8.临界温度(℃):240[8]

9.临界压力(MPa):7.95[9]

10.辛醇/水分配系数:-0.82~-0.77[10]

11.闪点(℃):12(CC);12.2(OC)[11]

12.引燃温度(℃):464[12]

13.爆炸上限(%):36.5[13]

14.爆炸下限(%):6[14]

15.溶解性:溶于水,可混溶与醇类、乙醚等多数有机溶剂。[15]

16.折射率(n20ºC):1.3284

17.黏度(mPa·s,15ºC):0.6405

18.黏度(mPa·s,20ºC):0.5945

19.黏度(mPa·s,25ºC):0.5525

20.黏度(mPa·s,30ºC):0.5142

21.闪点(ºC,开口):11

22.闪点(ºC,闭口):12.0

23.蒸发热(KJ/mol,b.p.):35.32

24.熔化热(KJ/kg):98.81

25.生成热(KJ/mol,气体):-201.39

26.生成热(KJ/mol,液体):-238.82

27.比热容(KJ/(kg·K),20ºC,定压):2.51

28.沸点上升常数:0.785

29.电导率(S/m,25ºC):1.5×10-9

30.热导率(W/(m·K),30ºC):21.3527

31.体膨胀系数(K-1,20ºC):0.00119

32.体膨胀系数(K-1,55ºC):0.00124

33.相对密度(25℃,4℃):1.7866

34.相对密度(25℃,4℃):1.3265

35.临界密度(g·cm-3):0.273

36.临界体积(cm3·mol-1):117

37.临界压缩因子:0.223

38.偏心因子:0.566

39.Lennard-Jones参数(A):3.8632

40.Lennard-Jones参数(K):419.86

41.溶度参数(J·cm-3)0.5:29.532

42.van der Waals面积(cm2·mol-1):3.580×109

43.van der Waals体积(cm3·mol-1):21.710

44.气相标准燃烧热(焓)(kJ·mol-1):764.9

45.气相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol-1) :-201.5

46.气相标准熵(J·mol-1·K-1) :239.88

47.气相标准生成自由能( kJ·mol-1):-161.6

48.气相标准热熔(J·mol-1·K-1):44.06

49.液相标准燃烧热(焓)(kJ·mol-1):-726.9

50.液相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol-1):-239.1

51.液相标准熵(J·mol-1·K-1) :127.24

52.液相标准生成自由能( kJ·mol-1):-166.88

53.液相标准热熔(J·mol-1·K-1):81.4

甲醇 安全信息

包装等级:
II
风险类别:
3
海关代码:
2905110000
WGK_Germany:
1
德国有关水污染物质的分类清单
危险类别码:
R11;R23/24/25;R39/23/24/25
安全说明:
S16-S36/37-S45-S7
RTECS号:
PC1400000
安全标志:
S7:保持容器紧密封闭。
S16:远离火源。
S24:避免接触皮肤。
S45:出现意外或者感到不适,立刻到医生那里寻求帮助(最好带去产品容器标签)。
:
:
:
危险标志:
F:Flammable

甲醇 毒理性

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :
PC1400000
CHEMICAL NAME :
Methanol
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
67-56-1
LAST UPDATED :
199712
DATA ITEMS CITED :
109
MOLECULAR FORMULA :
C-H4-O
MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
32.05
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
Q1

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
Standard Draize test
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration onto the skin
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
TYPE OF TEST :
Standard Draize test
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration into the eye
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
TYPE OF TEST :
Standard Draize test
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration into the eye
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
TYPE OF TEST :
LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human - man
DOSE/DURATION :
6422 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Brain and Coverings - changes in circulation (hemorrhage, thrombosis, etc.) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human - man
DOSE/DURATION :
3429 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - visual field changes
TYPE OF TEST :
LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human
DOSE/DURATION :
428 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - headache Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
TYPE OF TEST :
LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human
DOSE/DURATION :
143 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - optic nerve neuropathy Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human - woman
DOSE/DURATION :
4 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - visual field changes Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human
DOSE/DURATION :
86000 mg/m3
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - lacrimation Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cough Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human
DOSE/DURATION :
300 ppm
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - visual field changes Behavioral - headache Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
TYPE OF TEST :
LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human - man
DOSE/DURATION :
868 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
5628 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
64000 ppm/4H
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
7529 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
2131 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
7300 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
50 gm/m3/2H
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
10765 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
9800 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
4710 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION :
7500 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Primate - monkey
DOSE/DURATION :
7 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - muscle weakness Behavioral - ataxia Behavioral - coma
TYPE OF TEST :
LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Primate - monkey
DOSE/DURATION :
1000 ppm
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration onto the skin
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Primate - monkey
DOSE/DURATION :
393 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Mammal - cat
DOSE/DURATION :
44 gm/m3/6H
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - food intake (animal) Behavioral - muscle weakness Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands
TYPE OF TEST :
LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Mammal - cat
DOSE/DURATION :
4641 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION :
14200 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Administration onto the skin
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION :
15800 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION :
1826 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rabbit
DOSE/DURATION :
8907 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - guinea pig
DOSE/DURATION :
3556 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - hamster
DOSE/DURATION :
8555 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
TYPE OF TEST :
LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Parenteral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Amphibian - frog
DOSE/DURATION :
59 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic paralysis with or without sensory change Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
12 gm/kg/8W-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - ataxia Behavioral - alteration of operant conditioning
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
7 mL/kg/7D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Liver - other changes Biochemical - Effect on specific coenzyme - B vitamins including folate
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
50 mg/m3/12H/13W-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes Behavioral - muscle contraction or spasticity
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
2610 ppm/6H/4W-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Endocrine - changes in spleen weight
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
3846 ug/kg/30D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - phosphatases Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - transaminases
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
7500 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 17-19 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
35295 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 1-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) Reproductive - Fertility - pre-implantation mortality (e.g. reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
35295 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 1-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
20 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 6-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
20000 ppm/7H
SEX/DURATION :
female 1-22 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
20000 ppm/7H
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - endocrine system
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
10000 ppm/7H
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
200 ppm/20H
SEX/DURATION :
male 78 week(s) pre-mating
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
5200 uL/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 10 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
40 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 6-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
4 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 7 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
1500 ppm/6H
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-9 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
5000 ppm/7H
SEX/DURATION :
female 6-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
7500 ppm/7H
SEX/DURATION :
female 6-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
2000 ppm/7H
SEX/DURATION :
female 6-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
TYPE OF TEST :
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Inhalation
DOSE :
15000 ppm
SEX/DURATION :
female 7-9 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
DOSE :
5 gm/kg
SEX/DURATION :
male 5 day(s) pre-mating
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
TYPE OF TEST :
Cytogenetic analysis
TYPE OF TEST :
DNA damage
TYPE OF TEST :
Cytogenetic analysis

MUTATION DATA

TEST SYSTEM :
Rodent - mouse
REFERENCE :
ENMUDM Environmental Mutagenesis. (New York, NY) V.1-9, 1979-87. For publisher information, see EMMUEG. Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,381,1983 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-STEL 328 mg/m3 (250 ppm) (skin) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 ACGIH TLV-TWA 262 mg/m3 (200 ppm) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW MEDIAV Medicine. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1922- Volume(issue)/page/year: 32,431,1953 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CLCHAU Clinical Chemistry (Winston-Salem, NC). (American Assoc. for Clinical Chemistry, 1725 K St., NW, Washington, DC 20006) V.1- 1955- Volume(issue)/page/year: 19,361,1973 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW FNSCA6 Forensic Science. (Lausanne, Switzerland) V.1-11, 1972-78. For pub lisher information, see FSINDR. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,67,1973 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW JTEHD6 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (Hemisphere Pub., 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1975/76- Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,153,1975 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW MJAUAJ Medical Journal of Australia. (Australasian Medical Pub. Co. Ltd., 71-79 Arundel St., Glebe, N.S.W., Australia) V.1- 1914- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,483,1978 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 MSHA STANDARD-air:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) (skin) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,155,1971 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 OSHA PEL (Fed Cont):8H TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,50-204.50,1994 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-ARAB Republic of Egypt:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 200 ppm (262 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-DENMARK:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 1000 ppm (1300 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-HUNGARY:TWA 50 mg/m3;STEL 100 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-JAPAN:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THE PHILIPPINES:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-POLAND:TWA 100 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-RUSSIA:TWA 200 ppm;STEL 5 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN:TWA 200 ppm (250 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm (350 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 400 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THAILAND:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-TURKEY:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO METHANOL-air:10H TWA 200 ppm (Sk);STEL 250 ppm (Sk) REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 45930 No. of Facilities: 78840 (estimated) No. of Industries: 344 No. of Occupations: 203 No. of Employees: 737242 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 45930 No. of Facilities: 101075 (estimated) No. of Industries: 373 No. of Occupations: 225 No. of Employees: 1620617 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 388352 (estimated)
毒理学数据:

1.急性毒性[16]

LD50:7300mg/kg(小鼠经口);15800mg/kg(兔经皮)

LC50:64000ppm(大鼠吸入,4h)

2.刺激性[17]  

家兔经皮:20mg(24h),中度刺激。

家兔经眼:40mg,中度刺激。

3.亚急性与慢性毒性[18]  大鼠吸入50mg/m3,每天12h,3个月,在8~10周内可见到气管、支气管黏膜损害,大脑皮质细胞营养障碍等。

4.致突变性[19]  微生物致突变:酿酒酵母菌12%。DNA抑制:人类淋巴细胞300mmol/L。

5.致畸性[20]  鼠孕后6~14d吸入最低中毒剂量(TCLo)20000ppm(7h),致肌肉骨骼系统、心血管系统、泌尿生殖系统发育畸形。大鼠、小鼠孕后不同时间给予不同剂量,可致内分泌系统、眼、耳、中枢神经系统、颅面部(包括鼻、舌)发育畸形。

6.其他[21]  大鼠经口最低中毒剂量(TDLo):7500mg/kg(孕7~19d),对新手鼠行为有影响。大鼠吸入最低中毒浓度(TCLo):20000ppm(7h)(孕1~22d),引起肌肉骨骼、心血管系统和泌尿系统发育异常。

生态数据:

1.对呼吸道及胃肠道黏膜有刺激作用,对血管神经有毒作用,引起血管痉挛,形成瘀血或出血;对视神经和视网膜有特殊的选择作用,使视网膜因缺乏营养而坏死。

2.生态毒性[22]  LC50:15.4~29.4g/L(96h)(黑头呆鱼)

3.生物降解性[23]  MITI-I测试,初始浓度100ppm,污泥浓度30ppm,2周后降解92%。

4.非生物降解性[24]  空气中,当羟基自由基浓度为5.00×105个/cm3时,降解半衰期为17d(理论)。

甲醇 MSDS

国标编号: 32058
CAS: 67-56-1
中文名称: 甲醇
英文名称: methyl alcohol;Methanol
别 名: 木酒精
分子式: CH4O;CH3OH
分子量: 32.04
熔 点: -97.8℃ 沸点:64.8℃
密 度: 相对密度(水=1)0.79;
蒸汽压: 11℃
溶解性: 溶于水,可混溶于醇、醚等多数有机溶剂
稳定性: 稳定
外观与性状: 无色澄清液体,有刺激性气味
危险标记: 7(易燃液体)
用 途: 主要用于制甲醛、香精、染料、医药、火药、防冻剂等

2.对环境的影响:

一、健康危害

侵入途径:吸入、食入、经皮吸收。  健康危害:对中枢神经系统有麻醉作用;对视神经和视网膜有特殊选择作用,引起病变;可致代谢性酸中毒。  急性中毒:短时大量吸入出现轻度眼及上呼吸道刺激症状(口服有胃肠道刺激症状);经一段时间潜伏期后出现头痛、头晕、乏力、眩晕、酒醉感、意识朦胧、谵妄,甚至昏迷。视神经及视网膜病变,可有视物模糊、复视等,重者失明。代谢性酸中毒时出现二氧化碳结合力下降、呼吸加速等。  慢性影响:神经衰弱综合征,植物神经功能失调,粘膜刺激,视力减退等。皮肤出现脱脂、皮炎等。

二、毒理学资料及环境行为

毒性:属中等毒类。  急性毒性:LD505628mg/kg(大鼠经口);15800mg/kg(兔经皮);LC5082776mg/kg,4小时(大鼠吸入);人经口5~10ml,潜伏期8~36小时,致昏迷;人经口15ml,48小时内产生视网膜炎,失明;人经口30~100ml中枢神经系统严重损害,呼吸衰弱,死亡。  亚急性和慢性毒性:大鼠吸入50mg/m3,12小时/天,3个月,在8~10周内可见到气管、支气管粘膜损害,大脑皮质细胞营养障碍等。  致突变性:微生物致突变:啤酒酵母菌12pph。DNA抑制:人类淋巴细胞300mmol/L。  生殖毒性:大鼠经口最低中毒浓度(TDL0):7500mg/kg(孕7~19天),对新生鼠行为有影响。大鼠吸入最低中毒浓度(TCL0):20000ppm(7小时),(孕1~22天),引起肌肉骨骼、心血管系统和泌尿系统发育异常。

危险特性:易燃,其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物。遇明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸。与氧化剂接触发生化学反应或引起燃烧。在火场中,受热的容器有爆炸危险。其蒸气比空气重,能在较低处扩散到相当远的地方,遇明火会引着回燃。  燃烧(分解)产物:一氧化碳、二氧化碳。


3.现场应急监测方法:

气体检测管法; 便携式气相色谱法;直接进水样气相色谱法气体速测管(北京劳保所产品)


4.实验室监测方法:
监测方法 来源 类别
溶剂解吸气相色谱法 WS/T143-1999 作业场所空气
气相色谱法 HJ/T33-1999 固定污染源排气
变色酸比色法;
气相色谱法
《空气中有害物质的测定方法》(第二版),杭士平编 空气
气相色谱法 《水质分析大全》张宏陶主编 水质
品红亚硫酸法 《化工企业空气中有害物质测定方法》,化学工业出版社 化工企业空气

5.环境标准:
中国(TJ36-79) 车间空气中有害物质的最高容许浓度 50mg/m3
中国(TJ36-79) 居住区大气中有害物质的最高容许浓度 3.00mg/m3(一次值)
1.00mg/m3(日均值)
中国(GB16297-1996) 大气污染物综合排放标准 ①最高允许排放浓度(mg/m3):
190(表2);220(表1)
②最高允许排放速率(kg/h):
二级5.1~100(表2);6.1~130(表1)
三级7.8~170(表2);9.2~200(表1)
③无组织排放监控浓度限值:
12mg/m3(表2);15mg/m3(表1)
前苏联(1978) 地面水中有害物质最高允许浓度 3.0mg/L
前苏联(1978) 渔业用水中最高允许浓度 0.1mg/L
前苏联 污水中有害物质最高允许浓度 20mg/L
  嗅觉阈浓度 140mg/m3


6.应急处理处置方法:

一、泄漏应急处理

迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区,并进行隔离,严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器,穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源,防止进入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏:用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗,洗液稀释后放入废水系统。大量泄漏:构筑围堤或挖坑收容;用泡沫覆盖,降低蒸气灾害。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内。回收或运至废物处理场所处置。

二、防护措施

呼吸系统防护:可能接触其蒸气时,应该佩戴过滤式防毒面罩(半面罩)。紧急事态抢救或撤离时,建议佩戴空气呼吸器。  眼睛防护:戴化学安全防护眼镜。  身体防护:穿防静电工作服。  手防护:戴橡胶手套。  其它:工作现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。工作毕,淋浴更衣。实行就业前和定期的体检。

三、急救措施

皮肤接触:脱去被污染的衣着,用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。  眼睛接触:提起眼睑,用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难,给输氧。如呼吸停止,立即进行人工呼吸。就医。  食入:饮足量温水,催吐,用清水或1%硫代硫酸钠溶液洗胃。就医。

灭火方法:尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。喷水保持火场容器冷却,直至灭火结束。处在火场中的容器若已变色或从安全泄压装置中产生声音,必须马上撤离。灭火剂:抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。

甲醇 分子结构与计算化学数据

分子结构数据

1、摩尔折射率:8.21

2、摩尔体积(cm3/mol):42.5

3、等张比容(90.2K):88.6

4、表面张力(dyne/cm):18.8

5、极化率(10-24cm3):3.25

计算化学数据

1.疏水参数计算参考值(XlogP):-0.5

2.氢键供体数量:1

3.氢键受体数量:1

4.可旋转化学键数量:0

5.互变异构体数量:无

6.拓扑分子极性表面积20.2

7.重原子数量:2

8.表面电荷:0

9.复杂度:2

10.同位素原子数量:0

11.确定原子立构中心数量:0

12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0

13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0

14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0

15.共价键单元数量:1

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